It has been said that for Anaxagoras all sensation is, involves or is accompanied by discomfort, pain, or suffering (Merlan 1960, 9 Curd 2019). Bahnsen argues that the satisfaction of a need is never a plus, because it only returns us to normal, whereas the frustration of a need is always a minus, because it takes us below normal…”. And Beiser (2016, 268) on Julius Bahnsen: “We are told right away that there is nothing real but pain … there is no such thing as pure joy or pleasure…. Hunger and sexual frustration take us below 0 in the scale of happiness and when these desires are satisfied, we are only back at 0”. Beiser (2016, 154) on Eduard von Hartmann: “The great goods of human life-youth, security, health and freedom-consist not in the presence of pleasure but in the absence of pain…. Fernández (2006, 648) says that “Schopenhauer construes pleasure as the absence of pain”. Let us turn to similar ideas that can be found in the literature on German philosophy. There is also the idea in Epicureanism of pleasure and pain as the only two categories of experience, instead of thinking in terms of the three categories pleasure, pain, and an intermediate state (Long 2020, 753–54 Tsouna 2020, 156). An important idea in the literature on Epicureanism is about the absence of pain as the limit of pleasure from which pleasure cannot increase (O’Keefe 2009, 120 Sherman 2017, 103 Tsouna 2020, 175). For example, Striker (1993, 16) talks about “the claim that pleasure is constituted by undisturbed affection”. The literature on Epicureanism also talks about the absence of other things besides pain such as distress, irritation, trouble, turmoil, and worry, and about undisturbed affection (Annas 1993, 336 Striker 1993, 16 O’Keefe 2009, 123). It has been said that Epicurus held that pleasure consists in the absence of pain or painless affection (Striker 1993, 14). I am concerned, instead, with a view with similarities to their views, and a certain objection to this view. My concern in this paper is not what, for example, Epicureans and Schopenhauer thought or could have replied to objections given their other beliefs. In this section, I will mainly give some background from the literatures on Epicureanism, pessimism in German philosophy, and Anaxagoras. In section 6, I reply to the objection that is, I reply to counterexamples. Section 5 describes the above-mentioned objection to the claim, namely that of potential counterexamples.
In section 4, I state and explain my claim about undisturbed awake mental states: the claim that there are no awake mental states with a higher hedonic level than them. In section 3, I define undisturbed awake mental states. Section 2 contains a brief historical background. The counterexamples have the following structure: here is an undisturbed awake mental state and here is another awake mental state with a higher hedonic level than it. More specifically, I focus on counterexamples that rely on introspection and that are supposed to be intuitive. I deal with one kind of objection to this claim, namely that of potential counterexamples. In other words, my claim about undisturbed awake mental states is that there is no awake mental state above them, on the positive side of them, or more pleasant than them.
In other words, I argue for the following claim about such mental states: for any undisturbed awake mental state, there is no awake mental state with a higher hedonic level than it. I argue that undisturbed awake mental states are the hedonic ceiling. I am concerned with experiences, feelings, hedonic levels, and phenomenology. Essentially, undisturbed awake mental states are not in any way unpleasant.
#Define undisturbed free
These are awake mental states that are free from a long list of things including ache, boredom, discomfort, and discontentment. * And my vote for best news story of this or any year: Tiny Swiss watch found in undisturbed 400-year-old tomb.įootprints left on the Moon by astronauts could remain undisturbed for centuries.I focus on what I call ‘undisturbed awake mental states’. Marvel Solicitations for January 2008 | Major Spoilers - Comic Book Reviews and News Operation Oxpecker: Red-Billed Oxpeckers Rediscovered By Cowherds As Natural Debugger, Replacement For Toxic Pesticide Cattle DipsĪ very likely answer is that there is a thermocline, a layering effect where the upper, changeable parts of a body of water separate out from the deeper, colder, temperature-stable areas these remain undisturbed for long periods of time.ĭeep beneath the Nebraska prairie lurks a vast bunker that has lain undisturbed for nearly four decades. The spectacle of animals grazing peacefully while birds peck away at them undisturbed is a familiar one in South Africa. Saag Gosht (Beef in Fragrant Spinach Sauce) Turn off the oven, and let the pot remain undisturbed for an additional 10 minutes.
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